楊柳牽別緒 詩韻渡重洋——十六首唐詩折柳詩英譯賞析

折柳是唐詩里經(jīng)典的文化符號，柳諧音“留”，折柳相贈，道盡惜別不舍。古人揚帆出海，更是遠赴天涯、前路茫茫，離別之意愈發(fā)深沉。十六首詠柳送別的唐詩，承載獨屬于東方的離愁別緒與人文，經(jīng)信達雅的英文轉(zhuǎn)譯，讓東方詩意跨越語言壁壘，在異域語境中綻放獨有的光彩。

筆者秉承許淵沖大師提出的“三美論”，即“意美”（傳達原詩的意境、情感與深層內(nèi)涵）；“音美”（講究譯文的韻律、節(jié)奏和押韻，使之悅耳）；“形美”（保持句式的長短、對仗等視覺形式）。堅持“以詩譯詩”，而非逐字逐句一一對應(yīng)直譯，在保持原意的基礎(chǔ)上，適當跳出束縛，讓英文流暢、押韻、典雅、優(yōu)美、朗朗上口。

下文全部詩作均含楊柳意象，統(tǒng)一文化注解如下：

Note: 1) "Willow" is a homophone of"stay", symbolizing a wish to stay; 2) "Folding Willow" isa Yuefu flute song of parting, inherently carrying the sentiment ofhomesickness and separation.

1、《送別》

唐·王之渙

楊柳東風(fēng)樹，青青夾御河。

近來攀折苦，應(yīng)為別離多。

Farewell

By Wang Zhihuan (Tang Dynasty)

Translated by Wang Yongli

East winds caress the willow trees so fair,

Their fresh green lines the royal river there.

The boughs are bruised from constant plucking swirled,

It's just for there are countless partings in the world.

2、《勞勞亭》

唐·李白

天下傷心處，勞勞送客亭。

春風(fēng)知別苦，不遣柳條青。

The Laolao Pavilion

By Li Bai (TangDynasty)

Translated by Wang Yongli

Where lies the saddest place beneath the sky?

'Tis the Laolao Pavilion where fond goodbyes draw nigh.

The vernal wind knows parting's bitter scene,

So it is reluctant to hasten the willow twigs to turngreen.

3、《宣城送劉副使入秦》（摘句）

唐·李白

此別又千里，秦吳渺天涯。

月明關(guān)山苦，水劇隴頭悲。

借問幾時還，春風(fēng)入黃池。

無令長相憶，折斷綠楊枝。

Sending Vice Envoy Liu to Qin from Xuancheng（Excerpt）

Li Bai (Tang Dynasty)

Translated by Wang Yongli

This parting stretches forth a thousand li once more,

Qin and Wu lie far apart, two shores heaven’s vast floor.

O’ermoonlit passes winds bear wanderers’weary pain,

Raging streams by Long Ridge swell the traveller’s mournful strain.

When shall you come back home, I beg and ask of thee?

Spring winds shall sweep through Yellow Pool so merrily.

Do not leave me yearning endless days,

Lest all green willow sprigs be plucked away.

4、《折楊柳》

唐·楊巨源

水邊楊柳曲塵絲，立馬煩君折一枝。

惟有春風(fēng)最相惜，殷勤更向手中吹。

Plucking a Willow Branch

By Yang Juyuan (Tang Dynasty)

Translated by Wang Yongli

By waterside the willows hang pale gold,

I halt my steed and beg a twig to hold.

None but the vernal wind doth cherish deep,

And fondly breathes the twig within my keep.

5、《青門柳》

唐·白居易

青青一樹傷心色，曾入幾人離恨中。

為近都門多送別，長條折盡減春風(fēng)。

Willows by the Green Gate

By Bai Juyi (Tang Dynasty)

Translated by Wang Yongli

A tree of green, steeped in a mournful hue,

To countless souls its parting grief imbues.

Near the city gate where farewells still abide,

Boughs all plucked bare —then spring breezes subside.

6、《離亭賦得折楊柳二首》

唐·李商隱

其一

暫憑樽酒送無憀，莫損愁眉與細腰。

人世死前唯有別，春風(fēng)爭擬惜長條。

其二

含煙惹霧每依依，萬緒千條拂落暉。

為報行人休盡折，半留相送半迎歸。

To Pluck Willow Branches at the Farewell Pavilion (TwoPoems)

By Li Shangyin (Tang Dynasty)

Translated by Wang Yongli

Poem One

I lift the cup to ease my weary grief awhile,

Spoil not these willow brows, their slender waiflikestyle.

Of all man’swoes before life’sfinal breath, parting stings most severe;

How could soft spring wind spare these long droopingbranches dear?

Poem Two

Veiled in mist, wreathed in haze, the boughs clingtender low,

Ten thousand strands sweep slow against the sunset’s glow.

Tell travelers, do not pluck every sprig away;

Leave half to bid depart, half greet the ones whostray.

7、《途中寄李二》

唐·李益

楊柳含煙灞岸春，年年攀折為行人。

好風(fēng)若借低枝便，莫遣青絲掃路塵。

To Li Er on the Road

By Li Yi (Tang Dynasty)

Translated by Wang Yongli

Mist veils willows on Ba Bridge shore in spring's flow,

Year after year men break boughs for folks who go.

If gentle winds bend low soft sprigs for me to take,

Let not green threads sweep up the dusty travel wake.

8、《楊柳枝詞·其八》

唐·劉禹錫

城外春風(fēng)吹酒旗，行人揮袂日西時。

長安陌上無窮樹，唯有垂楊綰別離。

Willow Branch Song (VIII)

By Liu Yuxi (Tang Dynasty)

Translated by Wang Yongli

Beyond the town wall, spring winds stir the tavernsign,

Wayfarers wave their sleeves as sun dips in the sky.

On Chang'an roads stand trees in endless line—

Only weeping willows knot parting's twine.

9、《送元二使安西》

唐·王維

渭城朝雨浥輕塵，客舍青青柳色新。

勸君更盡一杯酒，西出陽關(guān)無故人。

Farewell to Yuan the Second on His Mission to Anxi

By Wang Wei (Tang Dynasty)

Translated by Wang Yongli

Morning rain in Weicheng Town wets the light dustclean;

The inn's fresh willows show a vernal green.

I urge you, friend, to drink one more cup of wine —

West of Yangguan Pass no old friend of thine.

10、 《薊北旅思》

唐·張籍

日日望鄉(xiāng)國，空歌白苧詞。

客亭門外柳，折盡向南枝。

Thoughts in a Northern Journey

By Zhang Ji (Tang Dynasty)

Translated by Wang Yongli

Day after day I gaze for homeland far away,

I chant white-hemp lays, yet grief will not allay.

By hostel gate the swaying willows stay;

All southward twigs are broken bare today.

11、《淮上與友人別》

唐·鄭谷

揚子江頭楊柳春，楊花愁殺渡江人。

數(shù)聲風(fēng)笛離亭晚，君向瀟湘我向秦。

Parting at River Huai

By Zheng Gu (Tang Dynasty)

Translated by Wang Yongli

At Yangzi's head spring willows gently sway,

Soft floating catkins steep the soul in grief's gray.

From parting pavilion flute notes ring at night;

To Xiaoxiang you go, I turn for Qin — each takes his flight.

12、《堤上柳》

唐·戴叔倫

垂柳萬條絲，春來織別離。

行人攀折處，閨妾斷腸時。

Willows on the Dyke

By Dai Shulun (Tang Dynasty)

Translated by Wang Yongli

Myriad willow strands hang low and trail,

Spring weaves fond partings through the misty veil.

Where travelers pluck and break the bough,

Her heartstrings snap and sink in endless woe now.

13、《楊柳枝》

唐·薛能

和花煙樹九重城，帶霧含風(fēng)近御營。

應(yīng)有舊枝無覓處，萬條風(fēng)里卓旌旃

Willow Branches

By Xue Neng (Tang Dynasty)

Translated by Wang Yongli

Flowers blend with mist-shrouded trees round theimperial wall,

Hazed boughs breathe wind close to the royal camp hall.

Old willow sprigs of yore no eye can trace or find,

Ten thousand strands stand tall like banners in thewind.

14、《苦別離》

唐·邵謁

朝看相送人，暮看相送人。

若遣折楊柳，此地樹無根。

Bitter Parting

By Shao Ye (Tang Dynasty)

Translated by Wang Yongli

At dawn I watch them part with rue,

At dusk I watch them part anew.

If all who part must pluck a willow bough,

Uprooting has left nothing in this ground by now.

15、唐·李白《春夜洛城聞笛》

誰家玉笛暗飛聲，散入春風(fēng)滿洛城。

此夜曲中聞?wù)哿稳瞬黄鸸蕡@情。

Hearing the Flute in Luoyang on a Spring Night

By Li Bai (Tang Dynasty)

Translated by Wang Yongli

From whose jade flute the notes in silence rise?

They drift with vernal winds through Luoyang's skies.

The tune of Willow Plucking meets my ear tonight;

Who would not yearn for hometown, filled with tenderplight?

16、唐·杜牧《柳》

數(shù)樹新開翠影齊，倚風(fēng)情態(tài)被春迷。

依依故國樊川恨，半掩村橋半掩溪。

Willows

By Du Mu (Tang Dynasty)

Translated by Wang Yongli

New willows stand in rows with verdant grace,

Swaying in breeze, enchanted by spring's embrace.

They share my grief for homeland far away;

O'er bridge and stream their twigs gently stray.

詩歌翻譯不應(yīng)止于字面意義的“對等轉(zhuǎn)換”，本輯摒棄散文式直譯，“寧愿破字求神”（打破字詞對應(yīng)），而努力使譯文本身成為一首首符合英語審美規(guī)范的詩，重在再現(xiàn)原詩的藝術(shù)效果和美感體驗，而非機械復(fù)制原文的語法結(jié)構(gòu)。目標是追求譯文讀者能獲得與原文讀者相似的審美反應(yīng)（即“知之、好之、樂之”——語出許淵沖翻譯三境界）。

當然，因水平有限，譯作仍存在不足，敬請方家不吝賜教。筆者愿盡綿薄之力，為中華文化對外傳播、消解跨文化傳播中的“文化折扣”傾盡心力。

綜上，一枝楊柳，一脈詩情。這些凝練雋永的譯筆，完整留存原作意境與文化底蘊。古典折柳意象掙脫地域束縛，聲聲別緒流轉(zhuǎn)于不同語言之間。唐詩之美、離別之思跨越山海，在世界文學(xué)長河里久久回響，生生不息。（王永利）